AZORSKA ZIMOVKA pyrrhula murina

AZORSKA ZIMOVKA pyrrhula murina Evo nešto i o ovoj ptici koja je skoro nestala.

Azori zimovka pyrrhula murina


by Jaime Ramos, iz Bilten afričkih ptica Club, volumen 7.1, ožujka 2000.


Uvod

Azori (ili São Miguel) zimovka Pyrrhula murina (lokalni naziv
Priôlo) je vrlo različit oblik, što je ikada bio samo poznato da se
pojavljuju na istočnom kraju otoka São Miguel u arhipelaga Azori
(Portugal). Godman [4], koji je otkrio vrsta, opisao ga je kao jedno od
karakterističnih ptica planinska područja na otoku. Sadašnje
populacije, od C120 parova, je ograničena na najveći fragmenti native
vegetation (Macaronesian Laurel Forests). Krajem prošlog stoljeća je
imala širi raspon i gledalo kao štetnik u voćnjacima naranče, lako se
uzima za muzejske zbirke [1]. Native vegetation je jasan za pašu i /
ili šumskim s egzotičnim Japanski Red Cedar Cryptomeria japonica,
preostali fragmenti su provalili agresivnom egzotične biljke:
Pittosporum undulatum, Hedychium gardneranum i Clethra arborea, Azori
zimovka se sada smatra ugroženim od strane IUCN [5 ] te je uključena u
portugalskom Red Data Book [3]. To je također uključena u Dodatku I.
Europske unije Wild Birds Directive. U 1995, lokalni šumarstva uslugu
pokrenuo program (s Europskom unijom financiranja) u pokušaju da
vratiti i proširiti područje šume lovora i povećanje populacije Azori
zimovka [11].

Perje

Azori zimovka izrazito razlikuje od svojih kolega kopna, spola
gotovo su identične u obojenost, iako se mužjaci ponekad imaju blagi
crvenkasto-šumska prelijevanje na otvor i flanks [8]. Tradicionalna
metoda starenja zimovka Pyrrhula pyrrhula - boja razlike u većoj
coverts [7] - teško je primijeniti u Azores zimovka jer odrasli imaju
buffish oštrice coverts previše, za razliku od greyer tonova u kopno
zimovka. Muška Azora Bullfinches su značajno veći od ženki [14].

Stanovništvo i staništa

Dva glavna područja native vegetation su prisutne unutar raspona
Azori zimovka: najveći, usredotočena na Pico da Vara vrhu, gdje se
ptice imaju prebivalište, a ne Cavalo Salto, u zapadnom dijelu raspona,
gdje je promatrao u rujan-prosinca [12]. Populacija je procijenjena na
30-40 ptica u kasnim 1970-ih [6], 100 pari in 1989 [2] i 60-200 parova
1991-1996 [12] (pers. obs.). Native vegetacija je uvijek preferira, ali
postoje sezonske varijacije u odabiru staništa: u ljetnim mjesecima,
ptice koriste golom tlu, kratke vegetacije i rubovima šuma, uključujući
i egzote, 200 m od nativne šume. U od siječnja do travnja je manje
katoličko i praktički ograničena na native vegetation [12]. Promjene u
staništu može objasniti sezonske varijacije u hrani resursa između
staništa: ptica pomaknuti od područja do područja nakon fruiting hrane
biljkama. Dakle, vrsta je više mobilnih u ljeto, prijelaz područja
zrele šume do područja s travast biljaka. Boja melodiju pokazao je da
više ne pokreti (do 3 km vožnje potoci) dogoditi u svibnju, s pticama
iz padajuće C700 m do 300 m do feed na travast sjemena [L2].
Azori zimovka

(A. J. Ramos)


Uzgoj i prehrana

Vrsta ponašanja u svibnju i početkom lipnja - Bill miluje i
grančica display - pokazuje pred-uzgoj aktivnosti, žene s leglo zakrpe
pojaviti sredinom lipnja - krajem kolovoza, što upućuje na kasnije i
kraći uzgojne sezone nego kopna zimovka [L4 ]. Odrasli linjati se od
rujna nadalje. Sam našao dva gnijezda u 1992. Prvi je bio smješten u
niskom nasada (<5 m visine) C. japonica, a druga unutar područja C.
arborea i nativne šume, ali oba su bila postavljena na stablu C.
japonica na c3 m iznad tla. Gnijezda su bili slični, koji se sastoji od
vanjskog sloja grančicu C. i Erica arborea azorica i unutarnji sloj
rootlets, trava i mahovina (Slika 2). Progresivna pojava mlade ljude na
terenu pokazuje dva mlada obično su prikupljena. Azori zimovka je
granivorous-biljožderski ptica, konzumiraju hranu iz barem 37
različitih biljnih vrsta, od čega je 13 se zna da je važno. U ljeto,
ptice se travast sjemena (Polygonum capitatum, Prunella vulgaris,
Leontodon filii), u jesen sjemenkama mesnatih plodova (Rubus sp.,
Vaccinium cylindraceum, Leicesteria Formosa), u zimskom stablo sjemena
(Clethra arborea) i Fern sporangia (Woodwardia radicans , Culcita
macrocarpa), te u proljeće cvjetne vrhove (Ilex perado), paprat
sporangia (Osmunda regalis), paprat fronds (Osmunda regaIis, Pteridium
aquilinum) i mahovina savjeti [10]. Fern fronds i mahovina savjete su
samo uzeti kada druge hrane su rijetki [9]. Native biljke čine većinu
prehrane u kolovozu, rujnu i travnju. U ovom mjesecu vrsta pojavljuje
se snažno ovise o cvjetnih pupova I. perado (s malo ili bez alternative
na raspolaganju hrane). Sjeme C. arborea se zanemaruju (vjerojatno zato
što su previše suhi i nesvarljiv) jednom cvijet pupoljci doseći duljinu
c2.8-3.0 mm [13]. Sjeme i druge egzotične vrste su vrlo rijetko
konzumira, naročito C. japonica, jer vrsta ne može izvući iz svoje
sjeme membrana. Stoga, Azori zimovka svibanj lice nestašice hrane u
kasnu zimu, jer I. perado je prisutan u relativno niske gustoće i
najviše cvjetnih pupova već bio konzumiran [10].

Conservation

Lovor šuma oko Pico da Vara samita (Azores uporište zimovka) je
odredila Natural Forest Reserve po Regionalni Vlada Azores. Ona je
također određena područja od posebne zaštite Azorean Vlada pod EU-a
Wild Direktiva o pticama. Kontrola invazivnih egzote i sadnja
autohtonih vrsta, odrastao u rasadnicima, počeo Početkom 1995 nakon
odobrenja potpora EU-LIFE. Glavni cilj ovog projekta je ponovno
uspostaviti i poboljšati lovor šumu, kako bi se osiguralo održavanje i
održiv stanovnika Azores zimovka u dugoročno.

Savjeti za posjetitelje

Azori zimovka je najlakše vidjeti u svibanj-rujan, uz planinska
cesta od Nordeste do Povoação, u blizini Miradouro da Serra da
Tronqueira; ptice hrane na tom putu i susjedna otvora na sjemenke
travast biljaka, posebno P. capitatum (koji čini mali tepih od cvijeća
ružičasta). U rujnu studenog moguće je, iako teže, vidjeti maloljetnici
u blizini Salto ne Cavalo (gore Furnas), a izvan Miradouro da Ponta da
Madrugada, na obali od ceste do Nordeste Povoação.

Zahvale

Moj rad na Azores zimovka je financiran od strane Kraljevskog
društva za zaštitu ptica (RSPB), uz nadzor od prof Chris Perrins i dr.
Colin Bibby. Šumarstvo Služba Azori u Nordeste pod uvjetom logističku
potporu i smještaja tijekom studija. Sveučilište u Azori i županije
Nordeste također su podržali rad. LIFE projekt, koji je započeo 1995.
se djelomično financira Europska unija.

-Originalni textAzores Bullfinch pyrrhula
murina
by Jaime A Ramos, from Bulletin of the African Bird Club, volume 7.1,
March 2000.
Introduction
Azores (or São Miguel) Bullfinch Pyrrhula murina (local
name of Priôlo) is a very distinct form, which has only ever been known
to occur at the east end of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago
(Portugal). Godman[4], who discovered the species, described it as one
of the characteristic birds of mountainous areas on the island. The present
population, of c120 pairs, is confined to the largest fragments of native
vegetation (Macaronesian Laurel Forests). At the end of the last century
it had a wider range and was regarded as a pest in orange orchards, being
easily taken for museum collections[1]. Native vegetation has been cleared
for pasture and/or forested with the exotic Japanese Red Cedar Cryptomeria
japonica, The remaining fragments have been invaded by aggressive
exotic plants: Pittosporum undulatum, Hedychium
gardneranum and Clethra arborea, Azores Bullfinch
is now considered Endangered by IUCN[5] and is included within the Portuguese
Red Data Book[3]. It is also included in Annex I of the European Union's
Wild Birds Directive. In 1995, the local forestry service initiated a
programme (with European Union funding) in an attempt to restore and expand
the area of laurel forest and increase the population of Azores Bullfinch[11].
Plumage
Azores Bullfinch differs markedly from its mainland counterpart, The sexes
are virtually identical in coloration, although males sometimes possess
a slight reddish-tawny suffusion on the vent and flanks[8]. The traditional
method of ageing Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula - colour
differences in the greater coverts[7] - is difficult to apply in Azores
Bullfinch because adults have buffish-edged coverts too, unlike the greyer
tones in mainland Bullfinch. Male Azores Bullfinches are significantly
larger than females[14].
Population and habitat
Two main areas of native vegetation are present within the range of the
Azores Bullfinch: the largest, centred on the Pico da Vara summit, where
birds are resident, and Salto do Cavalo, in the west of the range, where
it has been observed in September - December[12]. The population was estimated
at 30-40 birds in the late 1970s[6], 100 pairs in 1989[2] and 60-200 pairs
in 1991-1996[12] (pers. obs.). Native vegetation is always preferred but
there are seasonal variations in habitat selection: in summer, birds utilise
bare ground, short vegetation and forest edges, including exotics, within
200 m of native forest. In January -April it is less catholic and virtually
confined to native vegetation [12]. Changes in habitat can be explained
by seasonal variation in food resources between habitats: birds move from
area to area following the fruiting of food plants. Therefore, the species
is more mobile in summer, crossing areas of mature forest to reach areas
with herbaceous plants. Colour ringing has demonstrated that longer movements
(up to 3 km along streams) occur in May, with birds descending from c700
m to 300 m to feed on herbaceous seeds[l2].

Azores Bullfinch (J. A. Ramos)

Breeding and feeding
The species' behaviour in May and early June - bill caressing and twig
display - indicates pre-breeding activity, Females with brood patches
occur in mid-June - late August, suggesting a later and shorter breeding
season than that of the mainland Bullfinch[l4]. Adults moult from September
onward. I found two nests in 1992. The first was located in a low plantation
(<5 m height) of C. japonica and the second within an area of C.
arborea and native forest, but both were placed on a C.
japonica tree at c3 m above ground. Nests were alike, consisting
of an outer layer of twigs of C. arborea and Erica
azorica and an inner layer of rootlets, grass and moss (Fig 2).
The progressive appearance of juveniles in the field suggests two young
are usually raised. Azores Bullfinch is a granivorous-herbivorous bird,
consuming food from at least 37 different plant species, of which 13 are
known to he important. In summer, birds take herbaceous seeds (Polygonum
capitatum, Prunella vulgaris, Leontodon filii), in autumn seeds
of fleshy fruits (Rubus sp., Vaccinium cylindraceum, Leicesteria
formosa), in winter tree seeds (Clethra arborea)
and fern sporangia (Woodwardia radicans, Culcita macrocarpa),
and in spring flower buds (Ilex perado), fern sporangia
(Osmunda regalis), fern fronds (Osmunda regaIis,
Pteridium aquilinum) and moss tips[10]. Fern fronds and moss
tips are only taken when other foods are scarce[9]. Native plants comprise
the majority of the diet in August-September and April. In this month
the species appears heavily dependent on flower buds of I. perado
(with few or no alternative foods available). Seeds of C. arborea
are ignored (presumably because they are too dry and indigestible) once
flower buds reach a length of c2.8-3.0 mm[13]. Seeds of other exotic species
are very rarely consumed, especially C. japonica, because
the species cannot extract the seed from its cone. Therefore, Azores Bullfinch
may face food shortages in late winter, because I. perado
is present at relatively low densities and most flower buds have already
been consumed[10].
Conservation
The laurel forest around the Pico da Vara summit (the stronghold of Azores
Bullfinch) has been designated a Natural Forest Reserve by the Regional
Government of the Azores. It was also designated a Special Protection
Area by the Azorean Government under the EU Wild Birds Directive. The
control of invasive exotics and planting of native species, raised in
nurseries, began in early 1995 following the approval of a EU LIFE grant.
The main aim of this project is to re-establish and improve the laurel
forest, to ensure and maintain a viable population of Azores Bullfinch
in the long term.
Hints for visitors
Azores Bullfinch is easiest to see in May-September, along the mountain
road from Nordeste to Povoação, near Miradouro da Serra da Tronqueira;
birds feed along this road and adjacent openings on seeds of herbaceous
plants, especially P. capitatum (which forms a small
carpet of pink flowers). In September- November it is possible, although
more difficult, to see juveniles near Salto do Cavalo (above Furnas),
and beyond Miradouro da Ponta da Madrugada, on the coast road from Nordeste
to Povoação.
Acknowledgements
My work on Azores Bullfinch was financed by the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds (RSPB), with supervision from Prof. Chris Perrins
and Dr Colin Bibby. The Forestry Service of the Azores in Nordeste provided
logistic support and accommodation throughout the study. The University
of the Azores and the county of Nordeste also supported the work. The
LIFE project, which commenced 1995. is partially funded by the European
Union.